2009-02-23: The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) has identified buildings as one of the five main users of energy where ‘megatrends’ are needed to transform global energy efficiency in the immediate short term, and so meet the daunting challenge of Climate Change Adaptation. They account for 40% of primary energy (primary energy includes the energy required to generate, transmit and distribute electricity, as well as energy directly consumed on site) in most developed countries, and consumption is rising.
… 2007 WBCSD Energy Efficiency in Buildings (EEB) Project
If you find that you are not responding emotionally to that … please leave your computer immediately and take a cold shower ! When you return, check out how far adrift Ireland is – even on paper – in meeting its legally binding 1997 Kyoto Protocol (UNFCCC) responsibilities. After 2012, the European Union’s 2020 Targets will be in a different league altogether.
Let there be do doubt, therefore, that over the next few years … nothing less than a complete cultural shift will be necessary throughout the European Construction Sector – and this very much includes Ireland – beginning with all research and design disciplines and extending right across to any person who works on a construction site or has any part to play in managing, maintaining or servicing a building.
Burden Sharing in the Built Environment
Separate Energy Efficiency Strategies will be required to vastly improve the energy performance of:
– existing buildings … onto which many energy efficiency measures can be successfully grafted … but they will not be cheap, and they will not be 100% effective ;
– buildings of historical, architectural or cultural importance … the integrity of which must be protected ; and
– new buildings, which must therefore carry the major burden.
In addition … if we fully value the Agricultural Industry in Ireland, the burden to be carried by New Buildings may have to be far heavier.
Suggested Building Energy Efficiency Targets in Ireland to 2020
From the Beginning of 2012, i.e. after an Essential Transition Period involving extensive re-education and up-skilling, accompanied by ‘attractive’ incentives …
– Require all New Buildings to achieve a Minimum Building Energy Rating (BER) of ‘A1’ … indicating a Primary Energy Consumption less than or equal to 25 kWh/m2/yr. And require 40% of Primary Energy Consumed to be, directly or indirectly, from Renewable Energy Sources ;
– Require all Existing Buildings to achieve a Minimum Building Energy Rating (BER) of ‘B1’ … indicating a Primary Energy Consumption less than or equal to 100 kWh/m2/yr. And require 15% of Primary Energy Consumed to be, directly or indirectly, from Renewable Energy Sources. Retain Incentive Measures to achieve better performance with regard to energy efficiency and/or renewable energies ;
– Require Buildings of Historical, Architectural or Cultural Importance to achieve a Minimum Building Energy Rating (BER) of ‘C1’ … indicating a Primary Energy Consumption less than or equal to 175 kWh/m2/yr. Retain Incentive Measures to achieve better energy efficiency performance. No legal requirements or incentives with regard to Renewable Energies should apply to Buildings of Historical, Architectural or Cultural Importance.
From the Beginning of 2015 …
– Require all New Buildings to be ‘Positive Energy Buildings’ (see below) ;
– Require all Existing Buildings to achieve a Minimum Building Energy Rating (BER) of ‘A2’ … indicating a Primary Energy Consumption less than or equal to 50 kWh/m2/yr. And require a Positive Energy Contribution of 25 kWh/m2/yr to be from renewable Energy Systems installed in the building ;
– Require Buildings of Historical, Architectural or Cultural Importance to achieve a Minimum Building Energy Rating (BER) of ‘B1’ … indicating a Primary Energy Consumption less than or equal to 100 kWh/m2/yr. Retain Incentive Measures to achieve better energy efficiency performance. No legal requirements or incentives with regard to Renewable Energies shall apply to Buildings of Historical, Architectural or Cultural Importance.
‘Effective’ Technical Control of Construction & Post-Occupation Buildings
Any proposed Building Energy Efficiency/Conservation and Renewable Energy Improvements must take place in a legal environment of stringent control during construction (by competent Local Authority Building Controllers and/or Independent Technical Controllers) and rigorous post-construction energy performance monitoring (using Long Wave Infra-Red Thermal Imagery, in conjunction with building roof and external wall Air Seepage Tests). Observation of post-occupation building energy performance will also be necessary. Introduce mandatory 5-Yearly Energy Surveying of Buildings.
The Paradigm for New Buildings – A ‘Positive Energy’ Return
Primary Energy Consumption is less than or equal to 15 kWh/m2/yr. Renewable Energy & Heating Systems then contribute a reliable quantity of energy, per year, which covers the following:
– the Building’s Primary Energy Consumption ;
– an Energy Efficiency Degradation Factor which takes account of the degradation in energy efficiency normally expected during the life cycle of renewable energy and heating systems installed in the building (the rate of degradation will depend on the quality of maintenance and servicing) … and caused by wasteful patterns of building management and/or use ;
– the energy consumed by Private Transport associated with the building ;
– an Energy Return to an Intelligent District or Regional Grid exceeding, by a whole number multiple determined by reference to local conditions, the total energy consumed by the Building (including its Energy Efficiency Degradation Factor) and any associated Private Transport.
Uniquely, this more practical elaboration of the innovative concept of Positive Energy Buildings considers life cycle energy efficiency degradation.
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